Early Bronze

Leading Documents

  • Kavtaradze, G.A. (Tbilissi) () - observe.htm

    Cooperating Documents

  • KÖYDEN KENTE Yakindogu'da Ilk Yerlesimler - FROM VILLAGE TO CITIES. Early Villages in the Near East
  • Aurenche, Olivier (MOM) - Les étapes du processus de néolithisation
  • et al. (Tbilissi, Academie des Sciences) - Anthropology and Archaeology
  • HSC (Boston) - a copper metallurgy
  • Hole, Frank (Columbia) - Neolithic
  • Kavtaradze, G.A. (Tbilissi) - Metallurgy at Amiranis Gora (Akhaltsikhe - Fig.5) in the south-western parts of the region.
  • Owen, Bruce (Sonoma) - Radiocarbon calibrated dates
  • Peasnall, Brian and Mitchell S. Rothman, Tepe () - Gawra XI A - Amuq F - cultural complex
  • Reinhart-Waller, Geraldine () - The Alekseev Manuscript: the Kura-Araxes culture.
  • Rothman, Mitchell S. (Chester) - Beyond the frontiers : Muş/Mus/Mush in the late bronze to roman periods
  • Sagona, A. (Melbourn) - Sos Höyük
  • Shupp, Mike (Northridge) - Ubaid
  • Yener, K. Aslihan (OIC) - Tell Judeidah (Amuq valley) Phases F-F/G
  • Yener, Aslihan (OIC) - Bronze Age Source of Tin Found in Turkey.

    Support Web Documents

  • Burger, Gisela"); - 1992 "Eine neue Beurteilung der Transkaukasischen (TK) Rapiere und ihre Rolle im Zirkumpontischen Gebiet." Symposia Thracologia NR.9.
  • - 1958 "Eastern Anatolia in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages." Anatolian Studies-VIII:157-209.
  • - 1989 "Hurrians and Proto-Indo-Europeans : the ethnic context of the Early Trans-Caucasian Culture," in: Anatolia and the Ancient Near East : Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç.
  • Davis-Kimball, Jeannine ; Eileen M. Murphy; Ludmila Koryakova and Leonid T. Yablonksy, Kurgan metallurgy
  • Dundua, T. and N. Mitsishvili - Prehistory. Zn Appendix to “Georgia. Early Origin” (Trialeti)
  • Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn : Andirons at Urkesh/Mozan, 2004
  • Lombard, P et al. - La Préhistoire du Petit Caucase (Mali Kavkaz)
  • Porada, Edith; R.H. Dyson; C.W. Wilkinson - The Art of Ancient Iran, Pre-Islamic Cultures
  • Smith, Adam T. () - The Archaeology of Eurasia : I. The Caucasus and Central Steppe.
  • Stronach, David (Berkeley), Notes on a Fortified Building and a ‘Yurt’ in Adjacent Registers of the Arjan Bowl (600 BCE).

    Integrated Links

    		 A
  • Academy of Science, Institute of History and Ethnology, Melikishvili St.10, Tbilisi-380079
  • Tell Atchana, on the road from Antakya to the Syrian border and Alep
  • the Alazani valley (in Kakheti, the eastern part of east Georgia)
  • the ‘Late Chalcolithic’ levels of Alishar (central Anatolia).
  • the latest burials of Amiranis Gora.
  • Amiranis Gora (Akhaltsikhe - Fig.5) in the south-western parts of the region.
  • Arukhlo/Nakhiduri I
  • arsenic
  • Arslantepe VI A (Malatya
    		B
    		 C
  • Tell al-Judaidah and Çatal Höyük, both in the Amuq valley.
    		D
  • Dalma
    		E
  • Erzurum
    		F
    		 G
  • Tepe Gawra XVI (or of the Ubaid 3 period)
  • Map of Georgia

  • the Late Uruk colony in Godin Tepe V, in central Iran.
  • Geoy Tepe
  • golden, silver and bronze artifacts) of the second group of the kurgans of the Trialeti culture,
    		H
  • Halaf
  • Harappa (Indus Valley)
  • Hassuna
  • Hassuna
  • the Hurrians, living in upper Mesopotamia in the late-third millennium B.C.
  • the people of eastern Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age could be identified as Hurrians
    		I
  • Directory of Cities and Towns in Ostan-e Gilan, North Iran.

    		 J
  • Tell Judeidah / Judeideh is located in the turkish Antakya's lake plain
    		K
  • the eight kurgans of the Karmirberd culture
  • Karaz Ware”)
  • the late Karmirberd (Kotayk)
  • Khizanaant Gora, Kvatskhelebi (near Kareli)
  • The Kül Tepe in the plain of the Araxes river is not to be confused with the Turkish Kanesh close to Kayseri.   This new one is located just between and at the longitude of the two lakes Sevana and Urmia, like the Urartean Alishar and the modern Naxcishevan.   Kül Tepe I and Kül Tepe II are close by but not the same location.
  • xx Kura-Araxes
  • Kurban Höyük is located in the Karababa basin, north-west of Urfa
  • Kül Tepe
  • the final layers of Level B at Kvatskhelebi-Khizanaant Gora
    		L
    		 M
  • Maikop culture of northern Caucasia
  • the kurgans (barrows) of the Martqop / Ulevari and Samgori valleys
  • the later group of Martqopi kurgans with pit graves.
  • Martqopi kurgans: Ne pas confondre Martkopi avec Maykop/Maikop (south Russia), a major bronze age culture situated in Cis-caucasia, from the Taman peninsula (Azov Sea) nearly to the modern border of Dagestan, and approximately centered on the modern Republic of Adygea (whose capital is precisely Maykop), on the Kuban River.
  • K. Aslihan Yener - trade in metal ores: MANAGING METALS : AN EARLY BRONZE AGE TIN PRODUCTION SITE AT GÖLTEPE, TURKEY
  • Rothman, Mitchell S. (Chester) - Migration routes from their Trans-Caucasian homeland
  • Mughan, Azerbaijan.
    		N
  • the Novosvobodnaya (Tsarskaya) stage of the north Caucasian Maikop culture
    		O
  • importance of obsidian
  • obsidian was found in great quantity in the sites of the Ararat valley, south of the source in the Gegam mountain.
    		P
  • Level XI at Pulur (Sakyol)
    		Q
    		 R
    		 S
  • Samara
  • Shulaveri-Shomu
  • Sioni
  • the Didube-Kiketi and the Sioni (Iori River valley)-Gremi (Alazani River valley) groups
  • Sos Höyük,
  • Tell Sotto
    		T
  • Teghut
  • the Trialeti
  • the later kurgans of the early Trialeti
  • Early Bronze Age north-east Iranian sites (Tureng Tepe III C,
    		U
  • Ubaid 3
  • Umm Dabaghiah
    		V
    		 W
    		 X
    		 Y
  • Yarim Tepe - Fig.4)
    		Z

  • The determination of the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture is of paramount importance for the establishment of a common chronological system for the Ancient World, considering the distribution of this culture between regions dated by historical chronologies of the Near East based on the literary sources, on the one hand, and regions dated mainly by the use of radiocarbon dates, on the other.   I can not agree with the view-point that, in the absence of a large series of the radiocarbon dates from Georgian and adjacent sites for the Kura-Araxes period, it is premature to consider the reliability of the existing calibrated radiocarbon dates for this culture.
  • KAVTARADZE, Giorgi L.< 1999 "  [E-Text] The importance of metallurgical data for the formation of a central Transcaucasian Chronology,"
  • 2000 "  [E-Text] Some Problems of the Interrelation of Caucasian and Anatolian Bronze Age Cultures.
  • PALMIERI, ALBA
  • 1981 "Excavations at Arslantepe (Malatya)." Anatolian Studies 31:101-119, pls XIII-XVI.
  • Tepe (37°00'N, 45°13'E), the largest site in the Qadar River valley, south of Lake Urmia. It dominates the small plain known as Solduz.
    .
  • The Shulaveri-Shomu's calibrated 14C dates : The earliest metal artefacts of the Caucasian zone originated from the settlements of the Shulaveri-Shomu Tepe culture, at Arukhlo/Nakhiduri I (South-Eastern Georgia) and Gargalar Tepesi (western Azerbaijan), sites on the middle flow of the Kura River.   More than 10 dates were documented.
    loadimage100.htm

  • Univ. Heidelberg
  • x
  • [ Kvatskhelebi ]
  • (KBR: 24.252 b R 14 (Magasin - Salle de lecture générale))
      Cette page web N'utilise PAS la police (font/face) appelée ’Transliteration ’ (Download).
    - Original web page = www.geocities.com/komblema/observe.htm.